Nan DMC — agent guide

The numbered cards above show what we package in Nan; this section explains how each experience actually runs on the ground — the timing, the ticketing, the guiding and the type of client each one suits. Nan belongs to the old Lanna north, where mountains, temples and cool-season mornings give beach-heavy itineraries their cultural counterweight. With no coast to worry about, Nan runs almost year-round: November to February is the comfortable touring window and the rains mostly arrive as short afternoon bursts. Every program below is operated at net rates with transfers and licensed guides included, and the trade desk will combine any of them into half-day, full-day or multi-day modules within 24 hours of your enquiry.

Wat Phumin murals

Wat Phumin murals is the spiritual anchor of any Nan program, and it rewards being treated as more than a photo stop. We schedule it for early morning, when the light is soft, the heat is manageable and the coach groups have not yet arrived, and we pair it with a licensed guide who can read the iconography rather than recite dates. Dress codes are enforced at active religious sites — shoulders and knees covered — so we brief clients the evening before and keep sarongs in the vehicle. Entrance tickets, where charged, are pre-issued by our desk so nobody queues at a window.

Guides make this experience, so we assign them by source market: English as standard, with Mandarin, Russian, Arabic, German, French and other major languages available on request for Wat Phumin murals. Briefings happen before day one, not in the vehicle. If your clients have mobility needs, young children or a photography obsession, tell the trade desk at booking and the Nan team will shape the pacing accordingly.

As an upsell, Wat Phumin murals works hardest in combination: pair it with one of the other experiences on this page sharing the same geography and the same vehicle, and the half-day price of each drops while the day reads as a richer product on your itinerary. Our Nan planners build those pairings daily and will flag the natural matches on the quotation unprompted. Private upgrades, extended dwell time and meal add-ons are itemised separately, so you choose the margin architecture rather than inheriting ours.

Doi Phu Kha NP

Doi Phu Kha NP supplies the scenery that sells Nan on an agency screen — and it over-delivers in person. We operate it as a guided soft-adventure morning or full day, depending on how deep your clients want to go, with hotel pickup, park permits and refreshment stops all pre-arranged. The golden rules: start early, carry water, wear shoes with grip, and leave the itinerary a little slack so nobody is marched past the best view at speed. In the green season the landscape is at its most dramatic; in the dry months access is at its easiest. We will advise per departure date.

Fit matters: Doi Phu Kha NP suits most profiles, but we will tell you honestly when it does not. Families get adjusted timings and shorter walking loops; honeymooners get the private upgrade and the quiet hours; groups get marshalled logistics with buffer time built in. In Nan we would rather flag a mismatch at quotation than collect a complaint after travel — that honesty is why agencies keep routing programs through us.

Format matters as much as content here. Doi Phu Kha NP runs as a join-in departure for cost-conscious FIT, as a private program for families and couples who want the pace to themselves, and as a marshalled group module for series and incentive files in Nan. The experience is the same; the wrapping and the price point differ, and the desk quotes all applicable formats side by side. Tell us the manifest and the budget band, and the recommendation comes back with reasoning attached, not just a number.

Bo Klua salt wells

Bo Klua salt wells is the green lung of a Nan program — the day that balances temples, transfers and pool time with something genuinely wild. We start early: trails, falls and viewpoints are at their best before mid-morning heat, and wildlife is far more obliging at dawn. Park fees are included in our net rates, proper footwear is flagged at booking, and our drivers wait at the trailhead rather than a distant lot. Water levels and trail conditions shift with the seasons, so the operations desk confirms the route in advance and substitutes a strong alternative when nature has other ideas.

Fit matters: Bo Klua salt wells suits most profiles, but we will tell you honestly when it does not. Families get adjusted timings and shorter walking loops; honeymooners get the private upgrade and the quiet hours; groups get marshalled logistics with buffer time built in. In Nan we would rather flag a mismatch at quotation than collect a complaint after travel — that honesty is why agencies keep routing programs through us.

As an upsell, Bo Klua salt wells works hardest in combination: pair it with one of the other experiences on this page sharing the same geography and the same vehicle, and the half-day price of each drops while the day reads as a richer product on your itinerary. Our Nan planners build those pairings daily and will flag the natural matches on the quotation unprompted. Private upgrades, extended dwell time and meal add-ons are itemised separately, so you choose the margin architecture rather than inheriting ours.

Nan riverside old town

History-minded clients should anchor a Nan day around Nan riverside old town. It is the kind of site where the difference between a good guide and no guide is the difference between a lasting memory and a hot walk — so we assign specialists, briefed to your clients language and interest level. Operationally it is simple: pre-issued tickets, an early or late time slot to dodge heat and coaches, and a vehicle waiting at the exit rather than a long march back to a car park. Pair it with a craft or market stop to vary the register of the day.

For agents, the commercial logic is simple: Nan riverside old town is contracted at net rates with tickets, transfers and guiding bundled into one line on the quotation. You set your own margin. We confirm availability within 24 hours, issue vouchers your clients can show on a phone, and absorb the small operational hiccups — a late pickup, a weather swap — through the Nan ground team without bothering you or your client.

As an upsell, Nan riverside old town works hardest in combination: pair it with one of the other experiences on this page sharing the same geography and the same vehicle, and the half-day price of each drops while the day reads as a richer product on your itinerary. Our Nan planners build those pairings daily and will flag the natural matches on the quotation unprompted. Private upgrades, extended dwell time and meal add-ons are itemised separately, so you choose the margin architecture rather than inheriting ours.

Beyond the headline experiences, the Nan ground team keeps a longer menu of excursions, private dining set-ups and special-interest programs that never make it onto a public page — golf days, photography mornings, faith-based visits and teambuilding formats among them. If your client brief does not match anything above, describe it to the trade desk and we will build it. And because Nan sits within easy reach of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai, most of these experiences can be woven into a wider Northern routing without repositioning hotels every night.

Seasonality decides whether a Nan program delights or disappoints, so here is the honest month-by-month picture our operations team works from. With no coast to worry about, Nan runs almost year-round: November to February is the comfortable touring window and the rains mostly arrive as short afternoon bursts. Use it to set expectations at the point of sale — clients forgive weather they were warned about and never forgive weather they were promised away.

January in Nan

Cool-season perfection in Nan: crisp mornings, clear blue afternoons around 28°C and the year's most comfortable touring weather. This is peak demand — lock in hotels and guides early. On the ground, drivers and guides are confirmed the evening before each program day, whatever the month. Booking note: family demand spikes — reserve connecting rooms early.

February in Nan

Still dry and pleasant in Nan, with warm days and mild evenings. Sightseeing conditions remain superb and the peak-season crowds begin to soften late in the month. Hotel materialisation deadlines bite hardest in this window — the desk flags every cut-off date in writing. Booking note: confirm rooms 60–90 days out for this window.

March in Nan

The heat builds in Nan through March, with hazy skies in parts of the country. Plan temples and outdoor touring for early morning and keep afternoons flexible and air-conditioned. Excursion capacity is managed day by day, with weather swaps decided before clients reach the lobby. Booking note: a strong month for series groups — allotments help.

April in Nan

The hottest month in Nan — and the most fun, thanks to Songkran in mid-April, when the Thai New Year water festival takes over the streets. Hydration and early starts are the rule. Vehicle dispatch runs to the season: earlier pickups in the hot months, flexible buffers when showers are likely. Booking note: rates are negotiable now; push for value adds.

May in Nan

The first rains reach Nan in May, breaking the heat and greening the countryside almost overnight. Showers are short and mostly late-day; touring continues with minor adjustments. Excursion capacity is managed day by day, with weather swaps decided before clients reach the lobby. Booking note: a strong month for series groups — allotments help.

June in Nan

Early green season in Nan: lush landscapes, dramatic skies and very few tourists. Waterfalls begin to fill and hotel rates are at their friendliest. A photographer's month. Vehicle dispatch runs to the season: earlier pickups in the hot months, flexible buffers when showers are likely. Booking note: confirm rooms 60–90 days out for this window.

July in Nan

Mid-rains in Nan bring a reliable pattern — bright mornings, an afternoon downpour, a fresh evening. Build days around that rhythm and clients barely lose an hour. Hotel materialisation deadlines bite hardest in this window — the desk flags every cut-off date in writing. Booking note: family demand spikes — reserve connecting rooms early.

August in Nan

August in Nan is deep green and quiet: rice fields at their fullest, waterfalls thundering and the big sights blissfully uncrowded between showers. Genuine value across all hotel tiers. Guide allocation tightens in busy weeks, so language requests should travel with the booking, not after it. Booking note: keep one flex day in the program for weather swaps.

September in Nan

The wettest weeks of the year in Nan, though rain still arrives in bursts rather than washed-out days. Roads very occasionally flood; our drivers know every workaround. Guide allocation tightens in busy weeks, so language requests should travel with the booking, not after it. Booking note: flights fill before hotels do — sequence air first.

October in Nan

The rains taper through October in Nan and the landscape glows. Late month is a quietly brilliant time to travel: green scenery, clearing skies and pre-peak pricing. On the ground, drivers and guides are confirmed the evening before each program day, whatever the month. Booking note: family demand spikes — reserve connecting rooms early.

November in Nan

The cool season opens in Nan with clear skies and falling humidity — and Loy Krathong, when candle-lit krathong floats fill the waterways. One of the most atmospheric months to visit. Yi Peng lantern season touches the whole north this month — accommodation tightens region-wide. Vehicle dispatch runs to the season: earlier pickups in the hot months, flexible buffers when showers are likely. Booking note: family demand spikes — reserve connecting rooms early.

December in Nan

Prime touring weather in Nan: cool mornings, dry days, festive evenings. Christmas and New Year demand peaks hard, so confirm rooms, guides and vehicles well ahead. Our operations desk re-checks every transfer and excursion against the live conditions each morning this month. Booking note: flights fill before hotels do — sequence air first.

Shopping in Nan

Shopping in Nan is part of the itinerary, not an afterthought — clients measure a destination partly by what they carry home. The venues below are the ones our local team actually sends people to, with honest notes on what each does best. We fold shopping stops into touring days at natural points, advise on bargaining etiquette where it applies, and can arrange shipping for bulky finds so the purchase never becomes a luggage problem.

Nan fresh & night markets. local-market browsing — crafts, produce and street snacks; our guides know the honest stalls — our local team confirms timings and holds space on peak dates. OTOP & community products. province-signature goods (textiles, ceramics, foods) make low-cost, high-story souvenirs — our local team confirms timings and holds space on peak dates.

Food & street eats in Nan

Street food and local kitchens are where Nan introduces itself, and we treat eating as seriously as sightseeing. Every venue below has been vetted by our ground team for hygiene first and flavour a close second. Guided tastings turn a hesitant first-timer into a confident street-food convert in one evening, and dietary requirements — vegetarian, halal, allergies — are engineered into the route at booking rather than negotiated at the table.

Nan night-market eats. the evening food rows are the safest authentic introduction — guide-led tastings available; ask the trade desk how it pairs with the day programs above. Regional specialities. khao soi, sai ua sausage and Lanna curries — we pre-vet kitchens for groups and dietary needs; ask the trade desk how it pairs with the day programs above.

Fine dining in Nan

At the top end, Nan can stage a celebration dinner that anchors the entire trip — anniversaries, proposals and incentive finales all need one unforgettable table. The rooms below are the ones we book for exactly those moments. We handle reservations, dress-code briefings, cake-and-flowers staging and the transfer logistics that get clients to a remote clifftop or riverside table on time and unflustered.

Hotel signature dining. the contracted resorts carry the area’s best fine-dining rooms — tables arranged with rate-inclusive amenities; we fold it into touring days at net rates so agents keep the margin. Private-dining setups. beachfront, riverside or garden private dinners staged by our events team — bookable through our desk with transfers timed to your program.

See & do in Nan

Beyond the headline excursions, these are the sights and experiences that fill out a Nan program day by day. Each runs as a private or join-in module with licensed guides, pre-issued tickets and hotel pickup, so they can be slotted into an itinerary in any order. The trade desk advises which combinations share a vehicle and a geography — pairing smartly is where the costing tightens.

Wat Phumin murals. bookable as private or join-in excursions with licensed guides; we fold it into touring days at net rates so agents keep the margin. Doi Phu Kha NP. bookable as private or join-in excursions with licensed guides — bookable through our desk with transfers timed to your program. Bo Klua salt wells. bookable as private or join-in excursions with licensed guides; ask the trade desk how it pairs with the day programs above. Nan riverside old town. bookable as private or join-in excursions with licensed guides — bookable through our desk with transfers timed to your program.

Spa & wellness in Nan

Wellness sells in Nan at every price point, from temple-lineage massage to destination-spa programming. The venues below span that range honestly. We pre-book treatments so clients are not disappointed by full schedules, advise on which spas suit couples versus groups, and bundle spa credits into honeymoon and anniversary packages where the hotels we contract make that worthwhile.

Resort spas. in-resort treatments at contracted rates — bundle into honeymoon and wellness programs — bookable through our desk with transfers timed to your program. Traditional Thai massage houses. vetted local houses for authentic, budget-friendly sessions — bookable through our desk with transfers timed to your program.

Tourist places in Nan

Around Nan sit day-trip targets and nearby icons that stretch a stay without moving hotels. The listings below pair naturally with the core program — each is within practical reach by road or boat, and each adds a different register to the week. One vehicle, one guide and smart sequencing keep these add-ons affordable; the trade desk prices them as modules you can bolt onto any quotation.

Wat Phumin murals. combine into half- and full-day programs with transfers timed to light and crowds; we fold it into touring days at net rates so agents keep the margin. Doi Phu Kha NP. combine into half- and full-day programs with transfers timed to light and crowds — bookable through our desk with transfers timed to your program. Bo Klua salt wells. combine into half- and full-day programs with transfers timed to light and crowds; ask the trade desk how it pairs with the day programs above.

Recreation & entertainment in Nan

Recreation in Nan runs from family-safe spectacle to adults-only energy, and the difference matters at the point of sale. Below is the vetted entertainment menu with our candid notes. Tickets are pre-issued, seats are held in the better categories through peak season, and every evening program includes the return transfer — clients step from the venue into a known vehicle, every time.

Evening markets & shows. night-market strolls, cultural performances and dinner entertainment bookable per group; we fold it into touring days at net rates so agents keep the margin. Soft-adventure add-ons. kayaking, cycling, cooking classes and farm visits — commission-friendly upsells — bookable through our desk with transfers timed to your program.

Dietary note for agents: northern cuisine leans on pork and fermented flavours, so vegetarian, vegan and halal clients in Nan need a guide who knows the right kitchens — ours do, including the growing crop of plant-based cafes and the halal quarter near the mosques. Dietary flags travel on every voucher, and cooking classes can be adapted to any restriction with a day's notice.

These three sample programs show how we typically sequence Nan for the trade — a tight first-timer format, a complete stay and a regional combination. All are templates, not fixed products: the trade desk re-times, re-prices and re-routes them around your clients flights, budget and pace, and returns a fully-costed quotation within 24 hours.

Classic Nan — 3 days

The essential first-timer format: arrival, the headline sights and a structured farewell, built around NNT (domestic).

• Day 1: Arrival via NNT (domestic) — meet and greet, private transfer (15 min to old town), hotel check-in and an easy evening orientation walk with dinner recommendations.
• Day 2: Full guided day pairing Wat Phumin murals with Doi Phu Kha NP — early start to beat heat and crowds, vetted local lunch, licensed guide throughout and the vehicle on standby all day.
• Day 3: Flexible final morning around Bo Klua salt wells or free time for the hotel pool, late checkout where contracted, then a timed transfer back to NNT (domestic) against the flight schedule.

Net-rate note: the 3-day format prices keenly because one vehicle and one guide cover the whole program — ask the desk for the per-person tiering at 2, 4 and 6 pax.

Complete Nan — 5 days

The full destination at a humane pace, with a free day that protects satisfaction scores and invites upsells.

• Day 1: Arrival via NNT (domestic), private transfer and check-in; sunset welcome moment and a briefing pack with the week mapped out day by day.
• Day 2: Signature day: Wat Phumin murals in the morning light, then Doi Phu Kha NP in the afternoon — guide, tickets and lunch all pre-arranged at net rates.
• Day 3: Second excursion day built around Bo Klua salt wells with Nan riverside old town woven in — paced for photography and unhurried stops rather than a checklist sprint.
• Day 4: Free day with optional add-ons: spa time, a cooking class or a guided market morning — each bookable as a same-week module through our desk.
• Day 5: Slow breakfast, a last look at the neighbourhood, then the airport transfer to NNT (domestic) timed against the live flight number by the 24/7 desk.

Net-rate note: five-day programs unlock better hotel tiers — the per-night contract rates improve at 4+ nights in most Nan properties we hold.

Combination — 7 days with Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son

The regional best-of: Nan anchored with its Northern neighbours Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son, one ground team handling every leg.

• Day 1: Arrive via NNT (domestic); private transfer, check-in and an easy first evening in Nan to shake off the flight.
• Day 2: Headline Nan day: Wat Phumin murals plus Doi Phu Kha NP with licensed guide, entrance tickets and a vetted lunch stop included.
• Day 3: Morning at Bo Klua salt wells, afternoon transfer toward Chiang Mai — luggage handled, same coordinator, scenic stop en route where the road allows.
• Day 4: Full day in Chiang Mai: its signature experiences operated by the same regional team, so vouchers, guides and standards stay consistent.
• Day 5: Onward leg to Mae Hong Son with a guided highlight on arrival — the day is built around one unhurried transfer, not two rushed ones.
• Day 6: Mae Hong Son at full depth — we pick the two strongest experiences for your client profile and keep the evening free.
• Day 7: Return transfer and departure via the most sensible gateway for the routing — the desk sequences flights so nobody backtracks.

Net-rate note: multi-stop programs are where a DMC earns its keep — one invoice, one coordinator, contracted rates on every leg. Send your dates and the trade desk returns the full costing, hotel options included, within 24 hours.

The same destination sells completely differently to different files, so here is how our team positions Nan segment by segment. Nan belongs to the old Lanna north, where mountains, temples and cool-season mornings give beach-heavy itineraries their cultural counterweight, which shapes who books it and why.

Families in Nan

Families are won or lost on pacing, and Nan paces well when the program respects nap times, meal times and attention spans. We anchor family days around Doi Phu Kha NP and Bo Klua salt wells, both of which hold children's interest without exhausting the adults, and we keep drive segments short with snack-and-bathroom logic built into the route sheet. Hotels are chosen for interconnecting rooms, pools with shallow ends and breakfast that small people will actually eat. Guides briefed for multigenerational groups adjust commentary on the fly — facts for grandparents, games for the kids — and every quotation flags which experiences carry minimum ages.

Honeymoons & couples in Nan

Honeymooners buy mood, and Nan delivers it when the program protects privacy and timing. We build couple-first days around Doi Phu Kha NP in the soft early light and Bo Klua salt wells timed for golden hour, with private vehicles and guides throughout — no shared minivans on a honeymoon, ever. Room-level details carry the romance: high-floor or view categories negotiated at contracting, petals-and-sparkling staging on arrival night, and one show-stopper dinner reserved before the couple even lands. The trade desk flags every honeymoon booking so the ground team treats it as the once-in-a-lifetime file it is.

Luxury & VIP in Nan

Luxury clients forgive nothing and remember everything, so our Nan VIP programs are engineered backwards from the failure points. Arrival is met airside where the airport allows it; vehicles are late-model, chilled and stocked; and the itinerary holds white space deliberately — affluent travellers buy freedom, not density. Around that frame we stage the destination at its best: Nan riverside old town privately and unhurried, Wat Phumin murals with the access and timing money is supposed to buy. Hotel placement leans on our top-tier contracts, and a senior coordinator owns the file from first transfer to final lounge.

Groups & MICE in Nan

For groups and MICE planners, Nan is a logistics equation before it is a destination — and we solve it daily. Coach fleets, hotel blocks, manifest changes at midnight and a gala venue that photographs well in the post-event report: all handled by one Explera project team with a single point of contact. Nan riverside old town converts into a strong group excursion with marshalled timing, and Doi Phu Kha NP adapts to teambuilding or hosted formats at scale. Site inspections are arranged for serious files, costing is itemised per pax band, and every program carries a contingency layer the delegates never see.

Adventure & active in Nan

Active clients want their pulse raised and their logistics invisible, and Nan obliges on both counts. We build adventure programs around Doi Phu Kha NP — operated with proper safety briefings, quality equipment and guides certified for the activity — and layer in Bo Klua salt wells for variety. Fitness levels are collected at booking, honest difficulty grades go on every quotation and there is always a plan B when weather closes a route. Early starts are the norm: the best conditions, the emptiest trails and the coolest hours all live before 9am, and adventure clients are the one segment that never complains about it.

Getting there

Nan is reached via NNT (domestic), and the transfer logic is simple once it is operated properly: 15 min to old town. Explera meets every arrival with a name board, a GPS-tracked vehicle from our own fleet — sedans, vans and coaches scaled to the manifest — and an English-speaking driver monitored against the live flight number, so delays cost your client nothing but the delay itself. Onward connections from other Thai regions are sequenced by the trade desk: we will tell you frankly whether a flight, a road transfer or a rail-and-road combination serves the routing best, and we price each option side by side on the quotation.

Getting around

On the ground in Nan, the private vehicle is the product: distances between the sights reward a dedicated car or van with a driver who knows the back ways, and our day rates include fuel, parking and waiting time so the vehicle stays with the group all day. Local colour — a samlor ride, a river boat, a market walk — is woven in deliberately where it adds to the story. For evening outings the same driver returns, which clients notice and appreciate.

Where to stay — areas

Hotel placement in Nan follows three logics. The town centre puts clients within walking distance of the night markets and main sights — practical, lively, best for short stays. The riverside or scenic edge carries the characterful boutiques and resort lawns where couples linger over breakfast. The quiet outskirts hold resort-style properties with grounds and pools, suiting families and anyone touring by private vehicle anyway. Inventory is smaller than the tourist coast, so peak-date bookings need earlier commitment — we hold the key properties under contract.

Practical notes for agents

Practical notes for agents: lead times in Nan run short for ground arrangements — 72 hours covers most standard programs — but peak-season hotel space wants 60–90 days. Vouchers are issued per service and honoured on a phone screen; rooming lists can change up to materialisation deadlines we state plainly at confirmation. Every file carries the 24/7 desk number, every driver is briefed the evening before, and anything that goes sideways is fixed first and reported to you in writing afterwards.

The November-to-February cool season is when everyone wants Nan, so work 60–90 days ahead for that window and longer over Christmas and New Year. Hot-season and green-season departures confirm comfortably inside 30 days, often with negotiable extras attached. National festival weeks — Songkran in April, Loy Krathong in November and the Christmas–New Year stretch — tighten availability everywhere, Nan included; add 30 days to every lead time when a program touches them.

Cancellation awareness protects your margin: our standard ground arrangements in Nan carry humane cut-offs that we state in writing on every quotation, but peak-date hotel space and event tickets often carry stricter, supplier-imposed terms — we flag those lines explicitly so nothing hides in the fine print. Where a client books early and the market softens, we will tell you; repricing honesty is cheaper than a lost partner.

For agencies running Nan as a programmed destination, series allotments are the lever: committed seat-and-room blocks across a season give you guaranteed space in the tight windows and protected rates when walk-in prices spike. The trade desk builds allotment proposals around your expected volumes, with sensible release-back dates so unsold space never becomes your problem. One conversation in the contracting season saves fifty availability emails in the selling season.

The booking flow itself is built for trade speed: enquiry to fully-costed Nan quotation within 24 hours, confirmation on your written acceptance, and vouchers issued per service so your clients carry proof of everything on a phone screen. Payment terms are agreed at partnership level rather than per file, deposits scale with how far out the booking sits, and the 24/7 desk owns every confirmed program from the first transfer to the last — which is why late changes are absorbed rather than litigated.

Around Nan, responsibility means community-based tourism done properly: village visits on the community's terms, revenue that stays local, and hill-tribe or homestay experiences we have vetted personally rather than staged photo-stops. Clients meet real life because the hosts choose to share it — that distinction is the product. Nationwide, our elephant policy is absolute: ethical, no-riding, welfare-vetted venues only, anywhere in Thailand, regardless of what a cheaper supplier offers.

Explera's wider policy travels with every Nan booking: single-use plastics minimised on our vehicles and boats, licensed local guides on every program because livelihoods matter as much as commentary, and honest pre-trip briefings that turn clients into better guests. We publish these standards to partner agencies because they increasingly win the booking — European and Australian markets in particular now ask, and we would rather you answer with specifics.

For agents, this is sellable substance rather than compliance wallpaper: name the no-riding elephant policy, the community-revenue model and the licensed-guide rule in your Nan proposals and watch conversion improve with exactly the clients who spend most. The trade desk can supply the wording, the supporting details and per-program specifics for tender documents and sustainability questionnaires on request.